The Force of Luck Real Reading 4

Concept that defines the experience of notably positive, negative, or improbable events

Luck is the phenomenon and belief that defines the experience of notably positive, negative, or improbable events. The naturalistic interpretation is that positive and negative events may happen at any fourth dimension, both due to random and non-random natural and artificial processes, and that fifty-fifty improbable events tin can happen by random adventure. In this view, the epithet "lucky" or "unlucky" is a descriptive label that refers to an event's positivity, negativity, or improbability.

Supernatural interpretations of luck consider it to be an attribute of a person or object, or the consequence of a favorable or unfavorable view of a deity upon a person. These interpretations ofttimes prescribe how luckiness or unluckiness tin be obtained, such every bit by carrying a lucky charm or offering sacrifices or prayers to a deity. Saying someone is "born lucky" may hold different meanings, depending on the interpretation: it could just hateful that they have been born into a skillful family or circumstance; or that they habitually experience improbably positive events, due to some inherent property, or due to the lifelong favor of a god or goddess in a monotheistic or polytheistic religion.

Many superstitions are related to luck, though these are often specific to a given civilization or fix of related cultures, and sometimes contradictory. For example, lucky symbols include the number 7 in Christian-influenced cultures, but the number 8 in Chinese-influenced cultures. Unlucky symbols and events include entering and leaving a firm by different doors in Greek civilisation, throwing rocks into the current of air in Navajo culture, and ravens in Western culture. Some of these associations may derive from related facts or desires. For case, in Western culture opening an umbrella indoors might be considered unlucky partly because it could poke someone in the centre, whereas shaking easily with a chimney sweep might be considered lucky partly because it is a kind but unpleasant thing to practice given the dirty nature of their work. In Chinese civilization, the association of the number 4 as a homophone with the discussion for death may explain why it is considered unlucky. Extremely complicated and sometimes contradictory systems for prescribing auspicious and inauspicious times and arrangements of things have been devised, for example feng shui in Chinese civilisation and systems of astrology in various cultures effectually the world.

Many polytheistic religions take specific gods or goddesses that are associated with luck, both proficient and bad, including Fortuna and Felicitas in the Ancient Roman organized religion (the former related to the words "fortunate" and "unfortunate" in English), Dedun in Nubian faith, the Seven Lucky Gods in Japanese mythology, mythical American serviceman John Frum in Polynesian cargo cults, and the inauspicious Alakshmi in Hinduism.

Etymology and definition [edit]

1927 advertizement for lucky jewellery. "Why Be Unlucky?".

The English substantive luck appears comparatively late, during the 1480s, as a loan from Low German, Dutch or Frisian luk, a brusque form of gelucke (Center High German language gelücke). Compare to old Slavic give-and-take lukyj (лукый) - appointed past destiny and old Russian luchaj (лучаи) - destiny, fortune. It likely entered English language as a gambling term, and the context of gambling remains detectable in the discussion's connotations; luck is a style of understanding a personal adventure issue. Luck has three aspects:^{[i] [2] [3]}

• Luck is expert or bad.^[4]
• Luck is the result of chance.^[5]
• Luck applies to a sentient being.

Before the adoption of luck at the end of the Center Ages, One-time English language and Middle English expressed the notion of "skillful fortune" with the word speed (Middle English spede, Old English spēd); speed too "good fortune" had the wider pregnant of "prosperity, profit, abundance"; information technology is not associated with the notion of probability or risk but rather with that of fate or divine assist; a bestower of success can too be called speed, every bit in "Christ be our speed" (William Robertson, Phraseologia generalis, 1693).

The notion of probability was expressed by the Latin loanword chance, adopted in Middle English from the late 13th century, literally describing an outcome equally a "falling" (as it were of die), via Old French cheance from Tardily Latin cadentia "falling". Fortuna, the Roman goddess of fate or luck, was popular equally an allegory in medieval times, and even though it was not strictly reconcilable with Christian theology, it became pop in learned circles of the High Middle Ages to portray her as a servant of God in distributing success or failure in a characteristically "fickle" or unpredictable fashion, thus introducing the notion of run a risk.^{[ citation needed ]}

Interpretations [edit]

Luck is interpreted and understood in many different ways.

Lack of control [edit]

Luck refers to that which happens to a person beyond that person's control. This view incorporates phenomena that are adventure happenings, a person's place of birth for example, but where there is no uncertainty involved, or where the dubiety is irrelevant. Within this framework, 1 tin can differentiate between three different types of luck:

1. Constitutional luck, that is, luck with factors that cannot be inverse. Place of nascence and genetic constitution are typical examples.
2. Circumstantial luck—with factors that are haphazardly brought on. Accidents and epidemics are typical examples.
3. Ignorance luck, that is, luck with factors one does not know nigh. Examples tin can be identified only in retrospect.

Circumstantial luck with accidental happenstance of favorable discoveries and/or inventions is serendipity.

Fallacy [edit]

Another view holds that "luck is probability taken personally." A rationalist arroyo to luck includes the application of the rules of probability and an abstention of unscientific behavior. The rationalist thinks that the belief in luck is a result of poor reasoning or wishful thinking. To a rationalist, a laic in luck who asserts that something has influenced his or her luck commits the "post hoc ergo propter hoc" logical fallacy: that because two events are connected sequentially, they are continued causally as well. In general:

A happens (luck-alluring event or action) and so B happens;
Therefore, A influenced B.

More than contemporary authors writing on the discipline believe that the definition of good destiny is: One who enjoys good health; has the physical and mental capabilities of achieving his goals in life; has adept appearance, and; has happiness in heed and is non prone to accidents.^[half-dozen]

In the rationalist perspective, probability is only afflicted by confirmed causal connections.

The gambler's fallacy and inverse gambler's fallacy both explain some reasoning problems in common beliefs in luck. They involve denying the unpredictability of random events: "I haven't rolled a seven all week, then I'll definitely ringlet i this evening".

Philosopher Daniel Dennett wrote that "luck is mere luck" rather than a belongings of a person or thing.^[7]

Essence [edit]

There is also a series of spiritual, or supernatural beliefs regarding fortune. These beliefs vary widely from 1 to another, but most agree that luck can exist influenced through spiritual means by performing certain rituals or by avoiding sure circumstances.

Luck can also be a conventionalities in an organization of fortunate and unfortunate events. Luck is a form of superstition which is interpreted differently by different individuals. Carl Jung coined the term synchronicity, which he described equally "a meaningful coincidence".

Abrahamic religions believe God controls future events; belief in luck or fate is criticised in Volume of Isaiah chapter 65, verses 11-12:

• What will happen to you for offering nutrient and wine to the gods you call good luck and fate? Your luck will end.

Belief in the extent of Divine Providence varies; well-nigh acknowledge providence every bit at least a partial, if not complete influence on luck. Christianity, in its early development, accommodated many traditional practices which at different times, accepted omens and skilful forms of ritual cede in order to divine the will of their supreme being or to influence divine favoritism. The concepts of "Divine Grace" or "Approval" equally they are described by believers closely resemble what is referred to as "luck" by others.

Mesoamerican religions, such as the Aztecs, Mayans and Incas, had particularly strong behavior regarding the human relationship between rituals and the gods, which could in a like sense to Abrahamic religions be chosen luck or providence. In these cultures, human sacrifice (both of willing volunteers and captured enemies), as well as cocky-sacrifice by means of bloodletting, could mayhap exist seen as a way to propitiate the gods and earn favor for the city offering the sacrifice. An alternative interpretation^[8] would be that the sacrificial blood was considered equally a necessary element for the gods to maintain the proper working guild of the universe, in the same style that oil would be applied to an automobile to continue it working equally designed.

Many traditional African practices, such as voodoo and hoodoo, have a strong conventionalities in superstition. Some of these religions include a conventionalities that third parties can influence an individual'due south luck. Shamans and witches are both respected and feared, based on their power to cause adept or bad fortune for those in villages most them.

Self-fulfilling prophecy [edit]

Some evidence supports the idea that belief in luck acts like a placebo, producing positive thinking and improving people'southward responses to events.

In personality psychology, people reliably differ from each other depending on four central aspects: beliefs in luck, rejection of luck, being lucky, and being unlucky.^[9] People who believe in proficient luck are more optimistic, more than satisfied with their lives, and have better moods.^[nine] People who believe they are personally unlucky experience more anxiety, and less likely to take advantage of unexpected opportunities.^[x] Ane 2010 study institute that golfers who were told they were using a "lucky brawl" performed improve than those who were non.^[10]

Some people intentionally put themselves in situations that increment the chances of a serendipitous encounter, such as socializing with people who work in different fields.^[10]

[edit]

Luck is an of import factor in many aspects of guild.^{[ citation needed ]}

Games [edit]

The philosopher Nicholas Rescher has proposed that the luck of someone's outcome in a state of affairs of uncertainty is measured past the difference between this party's yield and expectation: λ = Y - E. Thus skill enhances expectation and reduces luck. The extent to which different games will depend on luck, rather than skill or endeavour, varies considerably. For example, chess does not involve any random factors (beyond the conclusion of which actor moves beginning), while the effect of Snakes and Ladders is entirely based on random dice rolls. In poker, peculiarly games with a communal board, pure luck may decide a winning hand. Luck in games involving chance is defined as the modify in a thespian'due south equity later a random event such as a die roll or carte depict.^[11] Luck is positive (good luck) if the player'due south position is improved and negative (bad luck) if information technology is worsened. A poker actor who is doing well (playing successfully, winning) is said to be "running good".^[12]

Almost all sports contain elements of luck. A statistical assay in the volume The Success Equation attempted to elucidate the differing balance between skill and luck with respect to how teams finished in the major Northward American sports leagues. This analysis concluded that, on a luck-skill continuum, the NBA had the nigh skill-dependant outcome while that of the NHL was well-nigh luck-dependant.^[13]

Lotteries [edit]

A defining feature of a lottery is that winners are selected purely by chance. Marketing and other discussions regarding lotteries often mention luck but tend to underplay the actual prospects of winning, which are unremarkably millions to one confronting.^[14]

Means of resolving bug [edit]

"Leaving it to take chances" is sometimes a way of resolving issues for example, where there are two possible outcomes, flipping a money may determine the outcome. This do has gone on for thousands of years, a common contemporary example is the coin toss at the beginning of a sporting result which may decide who goes kickoff.^[15]

Numerology [edit]

Nearly cultures consider some numbers to be lucky or unlucky. This is found to be particularly strong in Asian cultures, where the obtaining of "lucky" telephone numbers, automobile license plate numbers, and household addresses are actively sought, sometimes at slap-up monetary expense. Numerology, every bit it relates to luck, is closer to an fine art than to a science, yet numerologists, astrologists or psychics may disagree. It is interrelated to astrology, and to some degree to parapsychology and spirituality and is based on converting virtually anything material into a pure number, using that number in an attempt to discover something meaningful about reality, and trying to predict or calculate the hereafter based on lucky numbers. Numerology is folkloric past nature and started when humans beginning learned to count. Through man history information technology was, and still is, practiced by many cultures of the world from traditional fortune-telling to on-line psychic reading. Dudley describes numerology equally, "the delusion that numbers accept ability over events."^[16]

Science [edit]

Unlike thinkers like Thomas Kuhn accept discussed the role of take chances in scientific discoveries. Richard Wiseman did a ten-year scientific study into the nature of luck that has revealed that, to a large extent, people brand their ain good and bad fortune. His enquiry revealed that "Lucky people generate their own good fortune via iv basic principles. They are skilled at creating and noticing risk opportunities, making lucky decisions past listening to their intuition, creating cocky-fulfilling prophecies via positive expectations, and adopting a resilient mental attitude that transforms bad luck into good."^[17] Researchers accept suggested that good luck and adept mood frequently co-occur (Duong & Ohtsuka, 2000)^[18] and that people who believe themselves to exist lucky are oftentimes comparatively happy and optimistic whereas people who believe themselves to be unlucky may feel comparatively anxious and depressed (Mean solar day & Maltby, 2003; Wiseman, 2003).^{[17] [nineteen]}

Although previous studies have explored the antecedents and consequences of luck using attribution theory (eastward. g., Fischoff, 1976; Weiner et al., 1987),^{[xx] [21]} personality variables (Darke & Freedman, 1997a;b),^[22] and more recently a cerebral priming arroyo (DeMarree et al., 2005; Kramer & Block, 2008) research on the underlying mechanism of how luck influences consumer judgment and behavior has been noticeably absent in the extant literature. Moreover, in much of this previous piece of work, luck is manipulated in a way that is very probable to arm-twist positive affect also. Thus, it is difficult to articulate whether the observed effects of luck are due to chronic beliefs about luck, temporary changes in how lucky people experience, or because of changes caused by the positive affect that is experienced. Their enquiry showed that priming participants subliminally with luck-related stimuli made them feel luckier and happier. It was also constitute that the effects of priming luck using subliminal messages increased participants' estimates of the likelihood of favorable events, their participation in lotteries, the amount of coin they invested in relatively risky financial options and these effects appeared to exist mediated by temporary changes in perceptions of luck rather than past affect).^{[23] [24]}

In religion and mythology [edit]

Buddhism [edit]

Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, taught his followers not to believe in luck. He taught that all things which happen must have a cause, either material or spiritual, and exercise non occur due to luck, chance or fate. The idea of moral causality, karma (Pali: kamma), is fundamental in Buddhism. In the Sutta Nipata, the Buddha is recorded every bit having said the post-obit virtually selling luck:

Whereas some religious men, while living of food provided past the faithful make their living by such depression arts, such incorrect ways of livelihood every bit palmistry, divining by signs, interpreting dreams ... bringing adept or bad luck ... invoking the goodness of luck ... picking the lucky site for a building, the monk Gautama refrains from such low arts, such wrong means of livelihood. D.I, 9–12^[25]

Belief in luck is prevalent in many predominantly Buddhist countries. In Thailand, Buddhists may wear verses (takrut) or lucky amulets which accept been blessed past monks for protection confronting harm.^[26]

Christianity and Judaism [edit]

The volume of Proverbs 16:33 states "the lot is cast into the lap, but its every decision is from the Lord". Ecclesiastes nine:11 states (in a passage that describes events with different outcomes - e.m. a race, a battle, the gaining of wealth and favour): "fourth dimension and chance happeneth to them all" (both quotes are from the New International Version of the bible). Whilst the latter passage from Ecclesiastes suggests no things in human affairs are sure, the extract from Proverbs indicates that the result of something every bit apparently random as the rolling of dice or the tossing of a coin remains field of study to God'due south will or sovereignty. In his book God, Run a risk and Purpose: Can God have it both ways?,^[27] Bartholomew argues that chance is part of God'due south creation but that not even God can accurately predict what take a chance will do.^[28]

God'southward sovereignty involves ii aspects. God's active will or sovereignty would involve something God causes to happen such equally the leading of wicked King Ahab into boxing (2 Chronicles 18:18-nineteen). Ahab'southward death was not merely the result of a randomly shot pointer, but as two Chronicles xviii reveals, God actively directed the events that led Ahab into battle and used that randomly shot pointer to accomplish his intended volition for Ahab that day.^[29]

God's passive will involves God allowing, rather than causing, something to happen. Chapter i of the book of Task illustrates this in what God allowed Satan to do in the life of Job.^[30] It is also involved in the evil that God immune Joseph's brothers to do to Joseph in order to accomplish a greater good, a skillful not apparent to Joseph until years later (Genesis l:xx).^[31]

Hinduism [edit]

In Hinduism the Bhagavad-Gita values "Purushartha" more than mere Luck or Fate.

The Gita says; "Set thy heart upon selfless performance of thy natural duty (Svakarma, Svadharma), but never on its advantage. Work not for a reward; but never cease to do thy work" (Gita, two.47).^[32]

There are v causes of all actions equally given in the Samkhya wisdom; says Gita—

"The physical body (adhisthana), the lower 'I am' (karta), the means of perception (karanam), the varied multiple efforts (vividhasch pruthak cheshta) and the Cosmic Bike of Activity (daivam), these 5 sources together are responsible for success or failure of any activeness" ( Gita, 18 . 14–xv ).^[33]

Here the word "daivam" does not mean luck, fate, fortune, providence, or destiny. None of these English words are the exact synonym for the Sanskrit give-and-take "Daivam" here. "Daivam" is the Cosmic Wheel of Action (Kshara-gati, Apara-Prakriti, Maya) that keeps the perfect business relationship of our by and nowadays actions.

A man who says "Nothing is impossible for me; I am the just hero of all these achievements; who else is there like me?" He is a man of clouded vision and he does not see the Truth.

Islam [edit]

The definition which is much closer to the concept of luck in Islam is "a strength that brings good fortune or adversity" Quran 17:xiii: "And (for) every man We have attached to him his fate(fortune) in his neck, and We will bring forth for him (on the) Day (of) the Resurrection a record which he will find wide open". A very long discussion continues on how this prefixed destiny, fortune or luck defines attitudes and living behavior and so equally to how much apology one can make in this predetermined fate by one's ain contribution through positive actions in accordance with the teachings of Islam. In that location is no concept of luck in Islam other than actions determined by Allah based on the merit of the choice made past man beings. It is stated in the Qur'an (Sura: Adh-Dhariyat (The Winds that Besprinkle) poesy:22) that ane'southward sustenance is pre-determined in heaven when the Lord says: "And in the heaven is your provision and that which ye are promised." I should supplicate to Allah to better one's life rather than concord faith in un-Islamic acts such as using "lucky charms". In the Standard arabic language there is a word which direct ways "luck", which is حظ ḥaẓẓ , and a related word for "lucky", محظوظ maḥẓūẓ . It is also forbidden to believe in luck or anything else related to luck, as information technology is classified every bit shirk (associating partners to Allah or giving any share of any attribution which belongs to Allah and Allah alone).^{[ commendation needed ]}

The Tunisians retain some native beliefs of Berber origin such as the evil middle.^[34] A number of practices, such as shutters painted blue are also used to repel evil spirits.^[35]

Conventionalities measurement [edit]

A horseshoe on a door is regarded a protective talisman in some cultures

Darke and Freedman (1997)^[36] were the first researchers systematically to address straight both the concept and the measurement of conventionalities in luck equally a deterministic and personal attribute. They define luck belief as the perception that good luck is "a somewhat stable characteristic that consistently favors some people only not others".^[36] They define atheism in luck equally "a trend to concur with the rational view of luck as random and unreliable" (p. 490). To capture their unidimensional definition of irrational luck belief, Darke and Freedman developed a 12-item measure.^[36] Unfortunately, they found their measure out "does not seem particularly skilful at distinguishing between people who [say] they [are] typically lucky from those who [say] they [are] typically unlucky".^[36] They also found factor analyses of their measure produced a multi-component solution,^[36] as did Prendergast and Thompson (2008).^[37]

André (2006)^[38] proposed a model of luck-related perceptions that includes split positive and negative beliefs. She institute the positive and negative components of personal luck beliefs correlate highly, suggesting they are conceptually very shut or in fact the same. Maltby et al. (2008)^[39] proposed a six-dimensional model of beliefs around luck, but empirical analyses supported only a four-dimensional model: belief in being personally lucky; belief in being personally unlucky; general belief in luck; and rejection of belief in luck.^{[ citation needed ]}

A barnstar, mounted on a wall, is seen as a lucky symbol in some parts of North America

Thompson and Prendergast (2013)^[forty] clarified the concepts of belief in luck and belief in personal luckiness. They addressed the logical problem that nobody who disbelieves in luck could consider themselves lucky past differentiating between belief in luck every bit a deterministic phenomenon that affects the time to come, on ane hand, and on the other, belief in personal luckiness as an appraisal of how fortunately or otherwise hazard events in the past might accept turned out. They developed and validated an internationally applicable scale to measure, respectively, conventionalities in luck and personal luckiness constructs. They establish no correlation between the constructs and no evidence of a distinction between positive and negative aspects of each, suggesting they correspond two discrete and unidimensional constructs. Belief in luck and personal luckiness were also institute to correlate differently with personality and psychological variables, such every bit the Big Five and bear on.^{[ citation needed ]}

See as well [edit]

• Hamingja
• Serendipity
• Self-fulfilling prophecy
• Randomness
• Probability
• List of lucky symbols
• List of bad luck signs
• Jinx

Bibliography [edit]

• Gunther, Max. "The Luck Factor" Harriman Firm Ltd 1977. ISBN 9781906659950
• Hartman, Robert (ed.), Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology (London: Routledge, 2019).
• Mlodinow, Leonard. "The Drunkard'southward Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives" Penguin Group, 2008. ISBN 0375424040
• Mauboussin, Michael. "The Success Equation: Untangling Skill and Luck in Business, Sports, and Investing." Harvard Business Review Press, 2012 ISBN 9781422184233
• Rescher, Nicholas. "Luck", Farrar Straus Giroux 1995. Reissued University of Pittsburgh Printing, 2001
• Sauder, M. (2020). A Sociology of Luck. Sociological Theory.
• Taleb, Nassim Due north. "Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets" Random Business firm 2001 ISBN 0812975219

References [edit]

1. ^ Rescher, N., Luck: the brilliant randomness of everyday life p. 32. "Luck appropriately involves 3 things: (1) a beneficiary or maleficiary, (2) a development that is benign (positive) or malign (negative) from the stand point of the interests of the affected private, and that, moreover, (3) is fortuitous (unexpected, chancy, unforeseeable.)"
2. ^ CHANCE News 4.15 ...the definition in the Oxford English lexicon: "the fortuitous happening of an event favorable or unfavorable to the interest of a person"
3. ^ Rescher, N., Luck: the bright randomness of everyday life p. 28. "Luck is a matter of having something good or bad happen that lies outside the horizon of effective foreseeability."
4. ^ Rescher, N., Luck: the vivid randomness of everyday life p. 32. "Luck thus ever incorporates a normative element of good or bad: someone must be afflicted positively or negatively past an upshot before its realization can properly be called lucky."
5. ^ Rescher, Northward., Luck: the vivid randomness of everyday life p. 32. ..."that equally a far as the affected person is concerned, the event came about "by blow." "
6. ^ Sumit Kumar Sirkar, Pothi (2010). "How to be Lucky and Successful in Life". Pothi.com. p. 5. Retrieved 2012-ten-04 .
7. ^ Elbow Room by Daniel Clement Dennett, p. 92. "We know it would be superstitious to believe that "in that location actually is such a thing as luck" - something a rabbits' foot might bring - but we nevertheless think in that location is an unsuperstitious and unmisleading way of characterising events and backdrop as merely lucky."
8. ^ Burland, C. A (1985). The Aztecs: gods and fate in ancient Mexico. London: Orbis Publishing.
9. ^ ^{a b} Maltby, J., Solar day, L., Gill, P., Colley, A., Wood, A.G. (2008). Beliefs effectually luck: Confirming the empirical conceptualization of beliefs around luck and the development of the Darke and Freedman behavior around luck calibration Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Car Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 655–660.
10. ^ ^{a b c} The Scientific discipline Of Luck
11. ^ Zare, Douglas. "A Measure of Luck". Retrieved 12 June 2013.
12. ^ Miller, Ed (Nov 27, 2009). "The Pitfalls of Running Adept". CardPlayer.com . Retrieved xi April 2014. I've always thought that ane of the worst things that tin can happen to new poker players is for them to run really expert right out of the gate. If they rack up a number of large wins early, a couple of bad things tin can happen.
13. ^ Vox (2017-06-05), Why underdogs do meliorate in hockey than basketball, archived from the original on 2021-ten-29, retrieved 2018-07-02
14. ^ Stearns, James Grand.; Borna, Shaheen (1995-01-01). "The ethics of lottery advertising: Problems and evidence". Journal of Business concern Ethics. 14 (1): 43–51. doi:x.1007/BF00873735. ISSN 1573-0697.
15. ^ "The History of the Money Toss | The Majestic Mint". www.royalmint.com . Retrieved 2021-09-05 .
16. ^ Dudley, Underwood (1997). Numerology or What Pythagoras Wrought. Spectrum. Providence, Rhode Island: American Mathematical Society. ISBN978-ane-4704-5283-4. {{cite volume}}: CS1 maint: date and yr (link)
17. ^ ^{a b} Wiseman, R. (2003). The luck cistron. London, UK: Random House.
18. ^ Duong, T.,&Ohtsuka, Chiliad. (2000). TheVietnamese-linguistic communication SouthOaksGambling Screen for the Australian context. In J. McMillen, & L. Laker (Eds.), Developing strategic alliances: Proceedings of the 9th National Association for Gambling Studies Briefing, Gold Coast, Queensland 1999 (pp. 161−171). Kew, Australia: The National Association for Gambling Studies.
19. ^ Wiseman, R., & Watt, C. (2004). Measuring superstitious conventionalities: Why lucky charms matter. Personality and Individual Differences, 37, 1533−1541.
20. ^ Fischoff, B. (1976). Attribution theory and judgment under doubt. In J. H. Harvey, W. J. Ickes, & R. F. Kidd (Eds.), New directions in attribution research (Vol. 1, 421−452). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
21. ^ Weiner, B., Frieze, I., Kukla, A., Reed, L., Rest, S., & Rosenbaum, R. M.(1987). Perceiving the causes of success and failure. In Edward East. Jones, David E. Kanouse, Harold H. Kelley, Richard Eastward. Nisbett, Stuart Valins, & Bernard Weiner (Eds.), Attribution: Perceiving the causes of behaviors pp. 95−120. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
22. ^ Darke, P. R., & Freedman, J. L. (1997a). The belief in good luck scale. Journal of Research in Personality, two, 486−511.
23. ^ DeMarree, Grand. G., Wheeler, S. C., & Petty, R. E. (2005). Priming a new identity: Self-monitoringmoderates the furnishings of nonself primes on self-judgments and beliefs. Periodical of Personality and Social Psychology, 89(5), 657−671.
24. ^ Kramer, T., & Block, L. (2008). Conscious and not-conscious components of superstitious beliefs in judgment and decision making. Journal of Consumer Inquiry, 34(6), 783−793.
25. ^ "A Basic Buddhism Guide: Adept Luck and Fate". Buddhanet.net. Retrieved 2011-05-xiii .
26. ^ Thai Amulets (2007-02-09). "Thai Amulets". Thailand Life. Retrieved 2011-05-13 .
27. ^ Bartholomew, David J. (2008). God, chance, and purpose : can God have it both means?. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN0-511-38723-vii. OCLC 249076888.
28. ^ Dembski, William, "THE Run a risk OF THE GAPS", GOD AND DESIGN, Abingdon, United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland: Taylor & Francis, pp. 251–274, retrieved 2021-09-05
29. ^ Hamilton, Mark W. (2019). "Riddles and Revelations: Explorations into the Relationship between Wisdom and Prophecy in the Hebrew Bible ed. by Marking J. Boda, Russell L. Meek, and William R. Osborne". The Catholic Biblical Quarterly. 81 (4): 753–755. doi:10.1353/cbq.2019.0191. ISSN 2163-2529.
30. ^ Giberson, Karl West. (2015). "Chance, Divine Action and the Natural Order of Things". Periodical of Interdisciplinary Studies. 27 (i): 100–109. doi:ten.5840/jis2015271/27. ISSN 0890-0132.
31. ^ Katzoff, Charlotte (1998). "Divine Causality and Moral Responsibleness in the Story of Joseph and His Brothers". Iyyun: The Jerusalem Philosophical Quarterly / עיון: רבעון פילוסופי. 47: 21–xl. ISSN 0021-3306.
32. ^ Mukundananda, Swami. "Chapter 2, Poetry 47 – Bhagavad Gita, The Song of God – Swami Mukundananda". www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org . Retrieved 2022-01-21 .
33. ^ Mukundananda, Swami. "Affiliate xviii, Verse fifteen-16 – Bhagavad Gita, The Vocal of God – Swami Mukundananda". www.holy-bhagavad-gita.org . Retrieved 2022-01-21 .
34. ^ "La Tunisie de A à Z, Khomsa". Saisons tunisiennes. Archived from the original on Oct 20, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2009.
35. ^ Pagès, Jean-Louis (2005). Tunisie-Plus (in French). Limoges: éd. Solilang. p. 33.
36. ^ ^{a b c d e} Darke P.R. & Freedman J.L. (1997). The belief in skilful luck calibration. Journal of Research in Personality, 31, 486–511.
37. ^ Prendergast, G.P. & Thompson, E.R.(2008). Sales promotion strategies and belief in luck. Psychology & Marketing, 25 (xi), 1043–1062.
38. ^ Andre, North. (2006). Skilful fortune, luck, opportunity and their lack: How do agents perceive them? Personality and Private Differences,twoscore (7), 1461–1472.
39. ^ Maltby, J., Day, Fifty., Gill, P., Colley, A., & Wood, A. One thousand. (2008). Beliefs around luck: Confirming the empirical conceptualization of beliefs around luck and the development of the Darke and Freedman Beliefs Effectually Luck scale. Personality and Individual Differences, 45, 655–660.
40. ^ Thompson, E. R., & Prendergast, K. P. (2013). Belief in Luck and Luckiness: Conceptual Clarification and Measure Validation. Personality and Individual Differences, 54(4), 501-506.

External links [edit]

Wikiquote has quotations related to: Luck

Expect up good luck in Wiktionary, the gratuitous dictionary.

Expect upwards luck in Wiktionary, the gratuitous dictionary.

• "Luck". Cyberspace Encyclopedia of Philosophy.

mayfalf2000.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luck

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